Like the 1989 Hillsborough and 2010 Love Parade disasters, a combination of police action, poor communication and limited exits for patrons ended in tragedy at Malang, East Java, says this researcher.

At least 125 people died in Malang when a stampede happened after the police fired tear gas at the end of the match. Survivors are demanding that the authorities be held accountable.  

An enclosed stadium environment offers little escape for victims seeking to flee from the choking and burning effects of tear gas, said an analyst, adding that investigations should centre on the role of authorities.

Indonesian police have come under mounting criticism after 125 people died in a stampede at a football stadium where officers fired tear gas on fans invading the pitch.